NASA lays out its commercial roadmap for putting astronauts on the moon in 2028
NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine discusses the space agency’s plan to support the development of commercial hardware capable of landing astronauts on the moon. (GeekWire Photo / Alan Boyle)
WASHINGTON, D.C. — NASA’s leaders put out their pitch today for commercial ventures to build the hardware needed to put American astronauts back on the moon by 2028.
“This is really sustainable, this is going to be fast,” Bill Gerstenmaier, NASA’s associate administrator for human exploration and operations, told a roomful of space industry executives here at NASA Headquarters today. “We’re going to need the best and brightest from you in industry. We’re going to need the best and brightest from the international partner community to pull all this off.”
The mission architecture represents a dramatic shift from the way NASA put humans on the moon 50 years ago.
“This time, when we go to the moon, we’re actually going to stay,” NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine told reporters in advance of the industry session. “We’re not going to leave flags and footprints and then come home, to not go back for another 50 years.”
As laid out in a document known as a Broad Agency Announcement, the procurement plan calls for commercial ventures to propose concepts for a descent module, a space refueling system and a transfer vehicle by March 25, a little more than a month from now.
With today’s announcement about partnering with commercial industry to build a human lunar lander, we are preparing for humans to leave Earth’s orbit for the first time since 1972. More: https://t.co/dpXhX2rubi pic.twitter.com/24aKRLAK8g
— Jim Bridenstine (@JimBridenstine) February 14, 2019
Several companies would be selected in May for an initial six-month phase of study and development, with up to $9 million paid out to each company. Based on the progress made during that first phase, as many as two companies would be chosen to build hardware for a series of demonstration missions.
Those companies could be in line to receive hundreds of millions of dollars in NASA funding. The idea takes its inspiration from the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program, or COTS, which supported the development of SpaceX’s Dragon and Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus spacecraft for space station resupply years ago.
“COTS is the model,” Bridenstine told GeekWire.
NASA says the companies would be required to cover at least 10 to 20 percent of the development costs, depending on the size of the company. “We look for proposers to have some skin in the game,” Nantel Suzuki, a NASA program executive, told industry representatives.
Hardware would be launched aboard commercial rockets and NASA’s yet-to-be-built Space Launch System to the Gateway space platform, which NASA and its international partners plan to build in lunar orbit during the early 2020s.
The first demonstration mission, scheduled for 2024, would involve sending down an uncrewed descent module from the Gateway to the lunar surface.
An artist’s conception shows the space platform known as the Gateway in lunar orbit. (NASA Illustration)
The second mission, set for 2026, would be an uncrewed demonstration of the descent module, plus an ascent module to get back from the moon to the Gateway. The mission would use a separate transfer vehicle to ferry the spacecraft from the Gateway to a staging orbit about 100 kilometers (62 miles) above the lunar surface.
Both the ascent module and the transfer vehicle would be refuelable and reusable.
Astronauts would make their first trip to the lunar surface in 2028, using the same three-element infrastructure that was tested without a crew in 2026. NASA’s plan calls for as many as four astronauts to spend as long as seven days on the moon during each mission.
Visualizing moon missions: NASA graphics show how lunar test trips would work in 2024, 2026 and 2028
Bridenstine promised that the lunar landings wouldn’t be one-offs. “This architecture is open,” he said. “That means the way we do docking, the way we do data, the way we do communications, the way we do avionics — all of these things are going to be published and available for partners out there that want to join in our sustainable, reusable architecture to get back and forth to the surface of the moon.”
The system could support surface operations that include human settlements as well as fuel production facilities that take advantage of the moon’s reserves of frozen water, and could serve as a model for farther frontiers.
“We’re going to retire risk, we’re going to improve technology, and then we’re going to take as much of this as possible and replicate it at Mars,” Bridenstine said.
As it stands, the architecture meshes well with concepts such as the Blue Moon lander being developed by Amazon billionaire Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin space venture. Blue Origin executives have said Blue Moon could be ready for flight by around 2023 if NASA provides support — which matches NASA’s timeline.
In contrast, the architecture doesn’t match up that well with SpaceX’s plan to build a Starship spaceship that’s designed to bypass the Gateway and fly directly to the lunar surface — or to the surface of Mars, for that matter.
An artist’s conception shows astronauts standing next to a descent module with its ascent module stacked on top. (NASA Illustration)
SpaceX’s billionaire founder, Elon Musk, has said Starship could be ready for trips around the moon and journeys to Mars by the mid-2020s. But as it stands, Starship doesn’t fit the specifications laid out in the Broad Agency Announcement.
“That doesn’t say we’re going to take that proposal and then just ignore it totally,” Gerstenmaier said. “We’ll go take that other proposal that’s outside [the current specifications], we’ll figure out another instrument and a way to work with them and see what’s there, and then trade that later against this architecture to see if it’s better, superior, and then move forward.”
Bridenstine said NASA wants to move forward quickly with the architecture that it’s spent years developing.
“If we’re trying to optimize speed and sustainability, we’ve done a lot of work on this already,” Bridenstine said. “We believe we’re in a good spot with this particular architecture. … If we have 10 different architectures, then we’re going to have no architecture at all.”
In the nearer term, NASA is also moving forward with a program aimed at purchasing lunar delivery services for scientific payloads. Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA’s associate administrator for science, told journalists that he expected the first payload delivery order to be issued in about a month.
“That’s a big deal,” Bridenstine said.
Next week, NASA is due to list 12 payloads it’ll want delivered to the lunar surface. Zurbuchen provided a sneak preview, saying that the payloads being readied by NASA centers would focus on scientific areas ranging from resource prospecting on the moon to stereo imaging for landing systems. Commercial ventures are being invited to propose lunar payloads as well.
When it’s time to decide on delivery, NASA will choose from a “catalog” of nine commercial vendors that includes established players such as Lockheed Martin as well as startups such as Astrobotic and Moon Express. And in line with NASA’s heightened emphasis on fast moves to the moon, Zurbuchen said there’ll be incentives for vendors who can get payloads launched sooner rather than later.
“If we had any wish, we would like to fly this calendar year,” he said.